Bio-ORACLE

This dataset provides 26 physical, chemical, biological, and topographic data layers with global coverage, uniform grid system, at a spatial resolution of 0.05 degrees, and a temporal resolution of 10 decadal steps, from 2000 to 2100, of which: 19 essential physical, chemical and biological variables, are presented as 6 statistics* for surface and benthic** conditions, under present-day conditions and the SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP4-6.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios; 7 topographic layers, including bathymetric and rugosity profiles of the seabed. The data layers can be used in Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) to predict the distribution of biodiversity, address niche-based questions, unravel biogeographic patterns, and support the conservation of global marine biodiversity at the global scale. The availability of data under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios of CMIP6 allows projecting the implications of future change to marine biodiversity, contributing to inform climate policy. * the average, maximum, and minimum records of a given decade, long-term average of the yearly maxima and minima of a given decade (e.g., the average temperature of the warmest month in the period 2000-2010), and range, which represents the average absolute difference between the maximum and minimum records per year. ** because focal cells at 0.05 degree resolution comprise a wide range of depth values, the benthic layers were developed for the minimum, average, and maximum depth within focal cells.

IdentificationAbout this resource

Alternate Identifier: 751bbbe1-0e57-4981-87b0-e2e0e8dfd00e

Publication Date: 2024-02-25

Title: Bio-ORACLE

Short Name: Bio-ORACLE

Abstract: This dataset provides 26 physical, chemical, biological, and topographic data layers with global coverage, uniform grid system, at a spatial resolution of 0.05 degrees, and a temporal resolution of 10 decadal steps, from 2000 to 2100, of which: 19 essential physical, chemical and biological variables, are presented as 6 statistics* for surface and benthic** conditions, under present-day conditions and the SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP4-6.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios; 7 topographic layers, including bathymetric and rugosity profiles of the seabed. The data layers can be used in Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) to predict the distribution of biodiversity, address niche-based questions, unravel biogeographic patterns, and support the conservation of global marine biodiversity at the global scale. The availability of data under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios of CMIP6 allows projecting the implications of future change to marine biodiversity, contributing to inform climate policy. * the average, maximum, and minimum records of a given decade, long-term average of the yearly maxima and minima of a given decade (e.g., the average temperature of the warmest month in the period 2000-2010), and range, which represents the average absolute difference between the maximum and minimum records per year. ** because focal cells at 0.05 degree resolution comprise a wide range of depth values, the benthic layers were developed for the minimum, average, and maximum depth within focal cells.

Dataset Language: English

Dataset Creator: Universidade do Algarve - Jorge Assis (Researcher)

Dataset Creator: Nord Universitet - Jorge Assis (Researcher)

Dataset Creator: Flanders Marine Institute - Salvador Jesús Fernández Bejarano (Data Manager)

Dataset Creator: University of Melbourne - Vinícius W. Salazar (Bioinformatician)

Dataset Creator: Flanders Marine Institute - Lennert Schepers (Science Officer)

Dataset Creator: Universidade do Algarve - Lidiane Gouvêa (Researcher)

Dataset Creator: Universidade do Algarve - Eliza Fragkopoulou (Postdoctoral Researcher)

Dataset Creator: Flanders Marine Institute - Frederic Leclercq (IT Project Manager)

Dataset Creator: Flanders Marine Institute - Bart Vanhoorne (IT Division Manager)

Dataset Creator: Flanders Marine Institute - Lennert Tyberghein (Head of Department Science Support)

Dataset Creator: Universidade do Algarve - Ester A. Serrão (Professor)

Dataset Creator: University of Melbourne - Heroen Verbruggen (Associate Professor)

Dataset Creator: Ghent University - Olivier De Clerck (Professor)

Metadata Provider: SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics - Chiara Bortoluzzi (Data Manager)

Dataset Contact: Universidade do Algarve - Jorge Assis (Researcher)

Keywords (None)

Biogeography
Environment
Marine
Macroecology
Oceanography

Geographic Coverage

Geographic Description: Global

Bounding Box

West Bounding Coordinate: -180

East Bounding Coordinate: 180

North Bounding Coordinate: 90

South Bounding Coordinate: -90

Bounding Altitudes

Minimum: -10977

Maximum: 0

Unit: meter

Temporal Coverage

Range of Dates

Begin Date: 2000-01-01

End Date: 2100-12-31

resourceLicensesLicense Information

Intellectual Rights: Bio-ORACLE is released under the GNU General Public License

Resource License

License Name: GNU General Public License

URL: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html

Acknowledgements

Distribution

Online

A brief description of the the content of online URL.: ERDDAP Bio-ORACLE

URL: https://erddap.bio-oracle.org/erddap

Distribution

Online

A brief description of the the content of online URL.: Bio-ORACLE Website

URL: https://bio-oracle.org

Distribution

Online

A brief description of the the content of online URL.: Python module

URL: https://github.com/bio-oracle/pyo_oracle

Distribution

Online

A brief description of the the content of online URL.: R package

URL: https://github.com/bio-oracle/biooracler

• Project

Title: Bio-ORACLE - Marine data layers for modelling

Abstract: Bio-ORACLE is a set of GIS rasters providing essential physical, chemical, biological, and topographic data layers for both surface and benthic marine realms. The data are available for global-scale applications at a spatial resolution of 0.05 degrees or approximately 5.5 km at the equator. Linking biodiversity occurrence data to the physical and biotic environment provides a framework to formulate hypotheses about the ecological processes governing spatial and temporal patterns in biodiversity, which can be useful for marine ecosystem management and conservation.

Personnel

Organization Name: Bio-ORACLE is developed and maintainted by a team of macroecologists, climate change analysts, and computer scientists from various institutions in Europe and abroad, that provide essential data layers to model the distribution of biodiversity.

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Surname

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• Method

Method Step

Description: Data for present-day conditions (period 2000 to 2100) were acquired at a monthly basis from the Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis and Forecast and the Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Analysis and Forecast, two pre-processed re-analyses of Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, provided at a 0.08° and 0.25° resolution with 50 and 75 vertical levels, respectively. For Photosynthetic Active Radiation and Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient, data were acquired as monthly averages from GlobColour, a dataset at a 0.04° resolution that merged MERIS, MODIS, and SeaWiFS sensors. Data for the SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5.8.5 scenarios (period 2000 to 2100) were acquired at the monthly basis from numerous ESMs provided by the CMIP phase 6 (Earth System Grid Federation) at various resolutions. The monthly data of present-day and future conditions were used to generate six statistics per decade and variable: the average, maximum and minimum, records of a given decade, long-term average of the yearly maxima and minima of a given decade (e.g., the average temperature of the warmest month in the period 2000-2100), and range, which represents the average absolute difference between the maximum and minimum records per year. The layers projecting future conditions were produced with the delta change method. This involved adding the changes projected in climate by the ESMs to high-resolution climatologies representing present-day conditions. Additional topographic layers were generated at 0.05° resolution based on the general bathymetric chart of the oceans.

Citation: Assis, J., Fernández Bejarano, S.J., Salazar, V.W., Schepers, L., Gouvêa, L., Fragkopoulou, E., Leclercq, F., Vanhoorne, B., Tyberghein, L., Serrão, E.A. and Verbruggen, H., 2024. Bio‐ORACLE v3. 0. Pushing marine data layers to the CMIP6 Earth System Models of climate change research. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 33(4), p.e13813. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13813

Software

Title

Version: 3.0

Sampling

Study Extent

Sampling Description

• Data Table

Name: Bio-ORACLE v3.0

Physical

Data Format

Externally Defined Format

Format Name: NetCDF

Attribute List

Attribute

Name: tas

Label: Air temperature

Definition: Surface air temperature

Standard Unit: celsius

Attribute

Name: thetao

Label: Ocean temperature

Definition: Temperature of the ocean

Standard Unit: celsius

Attribute

Name: siconc

Label: Sea ice cover

Definition

Standard Unit: fraction

Attribute

Name: sithick

Label: Sea ice thickness

Definition

Standard Unit: meter

Attribute

Name: chl

Label: Chlorophyll-a concentration

Definition: Concentration of photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll-a (the most common 'green' chlorophyll) in oceans. Note that in shallow waters, these values may reflect any kind of autotrophic biomass

Standard Unit: millimolePerMeterCubed

Attribute

Name: kdpar

Label: Diffuse attenuation coefficient

Definition: Indicator of water clarity. It expresses how deeply visible light in the blue to the green region of the spectrum penetrates into the water column.

Standard Unit: meter

Attribute

Name: dfe

Label: Dissolved iron concentration

Definition: Amount of iron dissolved in sea water.

Standard Unit: millimolePerMeterCubed

Attribute

Name: o2

Label: Dissolved oxygen concentration

Definition: Amount of oxygen dissolved in sea water.

Standard Unit: millimolePerMeterCubed

Attribute

Name: mlotst

Label: Mixed layer depth

Definition: Mixed layer depth.

Standard Unit: meter

Attribute

Name: no3

Label: Nitrate concentration

Definition: Amount of dissolved nitrate in sea water.

Standard Unit: millimolePerMeterCubed

Attribute

Name: ph

Label: pH

Definition: Measure of acidity in the ocean.

Standard Unit

Attribute

Name: po4

Label: Phosphate concentration

Definition: Phosphate concentration in sea water.

Standard Unit: millimolePerMeterCubed

Attribute

Name: par

Label: Photosynthetic active radiation

Definition: A measure of the quantum energy flux from the Sun reaching the ocean surface.

Standard Unit: E m−2 yr−3

Attribute

Name: phyc

Label: Total phytoplankton concentration

Definition: Amount of phytoplankton in sea water.

Standard Unit: millimolePerMeterCubed

Attribute

Name: clt

Label: Total cloud fraction

Definition: A measure of how much of the Earth is covered by clouds.

Standard Unit: fraction

Attribute

Name: so

Label: Salinity

Definition: Dissolved salt content in ocean.

Standard Unit

Attribute

Name: si

Label: Silicate concentration

Definition: Concentration of silicate in the ocean.

Standard Unit: millimolePerMeterCubed

Attribute

Name: swd

Label: Sea water direction

Definition

Standard Unit: degree

Attribute

Name: sws

Label: Sea water velocity

Definition

Standard Unit: meterpersecond

Attribute

Name: Bathymetry

Label: Bathymetry

Definition: Bathymetry

Standard Unit: meter

Attribute

Name: Topographic slope

Label: Topographic slode

Definition

Standard Unit

Attribute

Name: Topographic aspect

Label: Topographic aspect

Definition

Standard Unit

Attribute

Name: Topographic position index

Label: Topographic position index

Definition

Standard Unit

Attribute

Name: Terrain ruggedness index

Label: Terrain ruggedness index

Definition

Standard Unit

Default

IdentificationAbout this resource

Geographic Coverage

Bounding Box

Bounding Altitudes

Temporal Coverage

Range of Dates

resourceLicensesLicense Information

Resource License

Distribution

Online

Distribution

Online

Distribution

Online

Distribution

Online

Project

• Project

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Individual Name

Methods

• Method

Method Step

Software

Sampling

Data Tables

• Data Table

Physical

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Externally Defined Format

Attribute List

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