751bbbe1-0e57-4981-87b0-e2e0e8dfd00e Bio-ORACLE Universidade do Algarve Jorge Assis Researcher jmassis@ualg.pt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-4820 Nord Universitet Jorge Assis Researcher jmassis@ualg.pt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-4820 Flanders Marine Institute Salvador Jesús Fernández Bejarano Data Manager salvafern@pm.me https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0535-7677 University of Melbourne Vinícius W. Salazar Bioinformatician vinicius.salazar@unimelb.edu.au https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8362-3195 Flanders Marine Institute Lennert Schepers Science Officer lennert.schepers@vliz.be https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6145-8248 Universidade do Algarve Lidiane Gouvêa Researcher lpgouvea@ualg.pt https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7010-5500 Universidade do Algarve Eliza Fragkopoulou Postdoctoral Researcher eli_frag@hotmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0557-3954 Flanders Marine Institute Frederic Leclercq IT Project Manager frederic.leclercq@vliz.be https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1743-9362 Flanders Marine Institute Bart Vanhoorne IT Division Manager bart.vanhoorne@vliz.be https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6642-4725 Flanders Marine Institute Lennert Tyberghein Head of Department Science Support lennert.tyberghein@vliz.be https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0577-1691 Universidade do Algarve Ester A. Serrão Professor eserrao@ualg.pt https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1316-658X University of Melbourne Heroen Verbruggen Associate Professor heroen@unimelb.edu.au https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-4749 Ghent University Olivier De Clerck Professor Olivier.DeClerck@UGent.be https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3699-8402 SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Chiara Bortoluzzi Data Manager chiara.bortoluzzi@sib.swiss https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6589-6635 2024-02-25 English This dataset provides 26 physical, chemical, biological, and topographic data layers with global coverage, uniform grid system, at a spatial resolution of 0.05 degrees, and a temporal resolution of 10 decadal steps, from 2000 to 2100, of which: 19 essential physical, chemical and biological variables, are presented as 6 statistics* for surface and benthic** conditions, under present-day conditions and the SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP4-6.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios; 7 topographic layers, including bathymetric and rugosity profiles of the seabed. The data layers can be used in Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) to predict the distribution of biodiversity, address niche-based questions, unravel biogeographic patterns, and support the conservation of global marine biodiversity at the global scale. The availability of data under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios of CMIP6 allows projecting the implications of future change to marine biodiversity, contributing to inform climate policy. * the average, maximum, and minimum records of a given decade, long-term average of the yearly maxima and minima of a given decade (e.g., the average temperature of the warmest month in the period 2000-2010), and range, which represents the average absolute difference between the maximum and minimum records per year. ** because focal cells at 0.05 degree resolution comprise a wide range of depth values, the benthic layers were developed for the minimum, average, and maximum depth within focal cells. Biogeography Environment Marine Macroecology Oceanography None Bio-ORACLE is released under the GNU General Public License GNU General Public License https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html ERDDAP Bio-ORACLE https://erddap.bio-oracle.org/erddap Bio-ORACLE Website https://bio-oracle.org Python module https://github.com/bio-oracle/pyo_oracle R package https://github.com/bio-oracle/biooracler Global -180 180 90 -90 -10977 0 meter 2000-01-01 2100-12-31 Universidade do Algarve Jorge Assis Researcher jmassis@ualg.pt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-4820 Data for present-day conditions (period 2000 to 2100) were acquired at a monthly basis from the Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis and Forecast and the Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Analysis and Forecast, two pre-processed re-analyses of Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, provided at a 0.08° and 0.25° resolution with 50 and 75 vertical levels, respectively. For Photosynthetic Active Radiation and Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient, data were acquired as monthly averages from GlobColour, a dataset at a 0.04° resolution that merged MERIS, MODIS, and SeaWiFS sensors. Data for the SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5.8.5 scenarios (period 2000 to 2100) were acquired at the monthly basis from numerous ESMs provided by the CMIP phase 6 (Earth System Grid Federation) at various resolutions. The monthly data of present-day and future conditions were used to generate six statistics per decade and variable: the average, maximum and minimum, records of a given decade, long-term average of the yearly maxima and minima of a given decade (e.g., the average temperature of the warmest month in the period 2000-2100), and range, which represents the average absolute difference between the maximum and minimum records per year. The layers projecting future conditions were produced with the delta change method. This involved adding the changes projected in climate by the ESMs to high-resolution climatologies representing present-day conditions. Additional topographic layers were generated at 0.05° resolution based on the general bathymetric chart of the oceans. Assis, J., Fernández Bejarano, S.J., Salazar, V.W., Schepers, L., Gouvêa, L., Fragkopoulou, E., Leclercq, F., Vanhoorne, B., Tyberghein, L., Serrão, E.A. and Verbruggen, H., 2024. Bio‐ORACLE v3. 0. Pushing marine data layers to the CMIP6 Earth System Models of climate change research. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 33(4), p.e13813. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13813 Bio-ORACLE is a set of GIS rasters providing essential physical, chemical, biological, and topographic data layers for both surface and benthic marine realms. The data are available for global-scale applications at a spatial resolution of 0.05 degrees or approximately 5.5 km at the equator. Linking biodiversity occurrence data to the physical and biotic environment provides a framework to formulate hypotheses about the ecological processes governing spatial and temporal patterns in biodiversity, which can be useful for marine ecosystem management and conservation. Bio-ORACLE is developed and maintainted by a team of macroecologists, climate change analysts, and computer scientists from various institutions in Europe and abroad, that provide essential data layers to model the distribution of biodiversity. Bio-ORACLE v3.0 NetCDF tas Air temperature Surface air temperature celsius thetao Ocean temperature Temperature of the ocean celsius siconc Sea ice cover fraction sithick Sea ice thickness meter chl Chlorophyll-a concentration Concentration of photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll-a (the most common 'green' chlorophyll) in oceans. Note that in shallow waters, these values may reflect any kind of autotrophic biomass millimolePerMeterCubed kdpar Diffuse attenuation coefficient Indicator of water clarity. It expresses how deeply visible light in the blue to the green region of the spectrum penetrates into the water column. meter dfe Dissolved iron concentration Amount of iron dissolved in sea water. millimolePerMeterCubed o2 Dissolved oxygen concentration Amount of oxygen dissolved in sea water. millimolePerMeterCubed mlotst Mixed layer depth Mixed layer depth. meter no3 Nitrate concentration Amount of dissolved nitrate in sea water. millimolePerMeterCubed ph pH Measure of acidity in the ocean. po4 Phosphate concentration Phosphate concentration in sea water. millimolePerMeterCubed par Photosynthetic active radiation A measure of the quantum energy flux from the Sun reaching the ocean surface. E m−2 yr−3 phyc Total phytoplankton concentration Amount of phytoplankton in sea water. millimolePerMeterCubed clt Total cloud fraction A measure of how much of the Earth is covered by clouds. fraction so Salinity Dissolved salt content in ocean. si Silicate concentration Concentration of silicate in the ocean. millimolePerMeterCubed swd Sea water direction degree sws Sea water velocity meterpersecond Bathymetry Bathymetry Bathymetry meter Topographic slope Topographic slode Topographic aspect Topographic aspect Topographic position index Topographic position index Terrain ruggedness index Terrain ruggedness index