Seasonal potential fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) of six European coastal wetlands
under different ecological status measured in incubated sediment cores
This dataset includes potential fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O for 841 individual ex-situ incubations of sediment cores collected across six European coastal wetlands under different ecological status. After sampling of cores, the headspace gas volume and concentration were measured, and the cores were then sealed and incubated for 22 ± 4 hours either in temperature-controlled chambers or under natural meteorological conditions. After incubation, the gas concentration of the headspace was measured again, and the net molar flux was calculated using the headspace volume and the gas concentration difference between the start and end of the incubation. Fluxes for each gas are accompanied by corresponding standard error (calculated via error propagation of the initial and final gas concentration) and p-value (indicating whether the flux is significantly different than zero). Additionally, the dataset includes the CH4 stock in the sediment (with its standard error and p-value), estimated through the difference in core headspace gas concentration between the end of the incubation and after manual homogenization of the sediment inside. All gas concentrations were measured using portable gas analysers (Li-COR 7810 and Li-COR 7820) either using direct recirculation of the headspace gas or via the open-loop method for small samples developed by the manufacturer. Spatially, the dataset contains fluxes of cores collected from of 36 different sites, corresponding to 6 different casepilot wetlands and 3 conservation status (altered, preserved, restored), that is, two sites per wetland-conservation status combination. In each site, six measurements were performed during four seasonal samplings covering Autum 2023 through Summer 2024. Sampling information is also recorded for each core (season, wetland casepilot, site, GPS coordinates, date of sampling, water depth). The dataset is under embargo period and will be available after 31-12-2027.
Default
IdentificationAbout this resource
- Alternate Identifier
-
7685cd5b-1d63-4f43-a475-072f3b65b173
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-20
- Title
-
Seasonal potential fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) of six European coastal wetlands under different ecological status measured in incubated sediment cores
- Abstract
-
This dataset includes potential fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O for 841 individual ex-situ incubations of sediment cores collected across six European coastal wetlands under different ecological status. After sampling of cores, the headspace gas volume and concentration were measured, and the cores were then sealed and incubated for 22 ± 4 hours either in temperature-controlled chambers or under natural meteorological conditions. After incubation, the gas concentration of the headspace was measured again, and the net molar flux was calculated using the headspace volume and the gas concentration difference between the start and end of the incubation. Fluxes for each gas are accompanied by corresponding standard error (calculated via error propagation of the initial and final gas concentration) and p-value (indicating whether the flux is significantly different than zero). Additionally, the dataset includes the CH4 stock in the sediment (with its standard error and p-value), estimated through the difference in core headspace gas concentration between the end of the incubation and after manual homogenization of the sediment inside. All gas concentrations were measured using portable gas analysers (Li-COR 7810 and Li-COR 7820) either using direct recirculation of the headspace gas or via the open-loop method for small samples developed by the manufacturer. Spatially, the dataset contains fluxes of cores collected from of 36 different sites, corresponding to 6 different casepilot wetlands and 3 conservation status (altered, preserved, restored), that is, two sites per wetland-conservation status combination. In each site, six measurements were performed during four seasonal samplings covering Autum 2023 through Summer 2024. Sampling information is also recorded for each core (season, wetland casepilot, site, GPS coordinates, date of sampling, water depth). The dataset is under embargo period and will be available after 31-12-2027.
- Dataset Language
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English
- Dataset Creator
- Dataset Creator
- Dataset Creator
- Dataset Creator
- Metadata Provider
- Metadata Provider
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- Dataset Contact
- Dataset Contact
- Dataset Contact
- Keywords (Biodiversity Thesaurus)
-
-
wetland
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ecological restoration
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- Keywords (Environmental Thesaurus)
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greenhouse gas fluxes
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carbon dioxide
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methane
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nitrous oxide
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Geographic Coverage
- Geographic Description
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Danube Delta
Bounding Box
- West Bounding Coordinate
-
28.2843
- East Bounding Coordinate
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29.7459
- North Bounding Coordinate
-
45.4723
- South Bounding Coordinate
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44.8032
Geographic Coverage
- Geographic Description
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Ria de Aveiro
Bounding Box
- West Bounding Coordinate
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-8.72507
- East Bounding Coordinate
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-8.59663
- North Bounding Coordinate
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40.74963
- South Bounding Coordinate
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40.63271
Geographic Coverage
- Geographic Description
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Marjal dels moros
Bounding Box
- West Bounding Coordinate
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-0.27997
- East Bounding Coordinate
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-0.240362
- North Bounding Coordinate
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39.64107
- South Bounding Coordinate
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39.61579
Geographic Coverage
- Geographic Description
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Curonian lagoon
Bounding Box
- West Bounding Coordinate
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20.5142
- East Bounding Coordinate
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21.2653
- North Bounding Coordinate
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55.7186
- South Bounding Coordinate
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54.8743
Geographic Coverage
- Geographic Description
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Camargue
Bounding Box
- West Bounding Coordinate
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4.4382
- East Bounding Coordinate
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4.9275
- North Bounding Coordinate
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43.674
- South Bounding Coordinate
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43.3229
Geographic Coverage
- Geographic Description
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Dutch wetlands
Bounding Box
- West Bounding Coordinate
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3.9907
- East Bounding Coordinate
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4.4087
- North Bounding Coordinate
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51.6811
- South Bounding Coordinate
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51.2754
Temporal Coverage
Range of Dates
- Begin Date
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2023-10-03
- End Date
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2024-08-01
resourceLicensesLicense Information
- Intellectual Rights
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Free for use, including sharing and adaptation, by all individuals provided that the owners are acknowledged in any use or publication.
Distribution
Online
- A brief description of the the content of online URL.
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DOI
Project
• Project
- Title
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RESTORE4Cs - Modelling RESTORation of wEtlands for Carbon pathways, Climate Change mitigation and adaptation, ecosystem services, and biodiversity, Co-benefits
Personnel
Individual Name
- Given Name
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Miguel
- Surname
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Cabrera Brufau
- Organization Name
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Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Position Name
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PostDoc
- User ID
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0000-0002-0740-9306
- Role
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Point Of Contact
Personnel
Individual Name
- Given Name
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Benjamin
- Surname
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Misteli
- Organization Name
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WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station
- Position Name
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PostDoc
- User ID
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0000-0002-7733-4354
- Role
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Point Of Contact
Personnel
Individual Name
- Given Name
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Antonio
- Surname
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Camacho
- Organization Name
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University of Valencia
- Position Name
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Full professor
- User ID
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0000-0003-0841-2010
- Role
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Point Of Contact
- Abstract
- Funding
Methods
• Method
Method Step
- Description
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Initial measurement and incubation of cores: After collection of sediment cores and transport to the laboratory, they were opened to allow gas equilibration with the atmosphere. For the initial measurement, the inlet tube of the portable gas analyzer was placed inside the headspace of the core and air was flushed with the equipment internal pump while monitoring the greenhouse gas concentration of CO2 and CH4. Once the concentrations stabilized, initial CO2 and CH4 concentrations were recorded, and a 20 mL sample of headspace air was transferred to a 12 mL pre-evacuated gas-tight glass exetainer for N2O analysis. Immediately after collecting the air sample, the core was sealed and the incubation initiated, recording the initial time. Cores were incubated for an average of 22 ± 4 hours either in bioclimatic chambers (adjusted for in-situ temperature and light conditions) or under natural meteorological conditions.
Instrumentation
- Instrument
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Li-COR LI-7810
Method Step
- Description
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End-of-incubation sampling: At the end of the incubation, the headspace volume in the core was recorded and a final 20 mL air sample was transferred to a pre-evacuated exetainer for final gas concentration determination. To determine the stock of CH4 contained in the sediment, the core was shaken vigorously to mobilize into the headspace the gas trapped in the sediment and an additional air sample was taken.
Method Step
- Description
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Sample analysis: all air samples were analyzed using the open-loop method for small samples [ https://www.licor.com/support/Trace-Gas-Analyzers/topics/measuring-small-gas-samples.html#Measuringgasconcentrationsofsmallsamples]. Briefly, a known volume of sample (0.5-1 mL) is injected into the inlet tube of the Li-COR analyzer through a rubber plug using a syringe. The area under the peak generated by the injection is proportional to the product of the volume injected and difference in concentration between the air supply to the instrument and that of the sample. Each sample was injected 3-5 times as analytical replicates. This analysis was either performed in the local lab using ambient air of known concentration as carrier gas or at the University of Barcelona, using two Li-COR instruments, one for CO2 and CH4 (LI-7810) and one for N2O (LI- 7820) connected in series and using synthetic air as the carrier gas. Peak integration and calculation of sample concentrations was performed in R using a custom script.
Instrumentation
- Instrument
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Li-COR LI-7810
- Instrument
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Li-COR LI-7820
Method Step
- Description
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Calculation of potential fluxes and methane stock in the sediment: potential fluxes were calculated via the net increase in headspace gas concentration during the incubation time, considering the headspace volume and using the ideal gas equation to calculate molar fluxes. The methane stock in the sediment is similarly calculated through the difference in concentration between the sample after incubation and that taken after homogenization, assuming full mobilization of gases trapped in the sediment. Standard errors and significances (test against zero) for potential flux and stock estimates were calculated propagating the error of analytical replicates.
Sampling
- Study Extent
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Six different coastal wetlands were selected as case pilots: Camargue, Curonian Lagoon, Danube Delta, South-West Dutch Delta, Ria de Aveiro and Valencian wetland Marjal dels Moros. In each case pilot wetland, sites corresponding to three different ecological status were selected by duplicate; namely, two well preserved sites, two altered sites and two restored sites. Each site was sampled once per season from October 2023 to August 2024.
- Sampling Description
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At each site, six intact sediment cores were extracted by hand using transparent methacrylate tubes of 50-100 cm in length and 4 cm in diameter. A sediment core consists of approximately 15 cm of sediment, and water column according to the sampling point depth, while ensuring at least 10 cm of headspace air is left (discarding excess water if needed). Sediment cores were preferentially collected from inundated areas (if present) at the end of the sampling visit to minimize gas buildup in the headspace before the start of the incubation. Cores were transported sealed for logistical reasons.
Data Tables
• Data Table
- Name
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RESTORE4Cs_GHGcores_Fluxes.csv
Physical
- Object Name
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RESTORE4Cs_GHGcores_Fluxes.csv
- Size
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143331
- Authentication
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MD5:382a5238270ff49ac93ca37909d71894
- Character Encoding
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UTF-8
Data Format
- textFormat
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1
column
,
Attribute List
Attribute
- Name
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eventID
- Label
-
Event ID
- Definition
-
An identifier for the set of information associated with a dwc:Event (something that occurs at a place and time). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
Measurement Scale
nominal
nonNumericDomain
textDomain
- Definition
-
Any Text
Attribute
- Name
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season
- Label
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season
- Definition
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Code that identifies the seasonal campaign.
Measurement Scale
nominal
nonNumericDomain
enumeratedDomain
- codeDefinition
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S1
Autumn
-
- codeDefinition
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S2
Winter
-
- codeDefinition
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S3
Spring
-
- codeDefinition
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S4
Summer
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Attribute
- Name
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higherGeography
- Label
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Higher Geography
- Definition
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Full name of the wetland casepilot where the sediment core was taken.
Measurement Scale
nominal
nonNumericDomain
textDomain
- Definition
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Any Text
Attribute
- Name
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locationID
- Label
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Location ID
- Definition
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Code that identifies the location (the wetland "unit") where the measurement was taken. Coded as a combination of the casepilot (higherGeography) abreviation and one of "A1", "A2", "P1", "P2", "R1" or "R2". Letters A, P, R followed by number correspond to the ecological status classification of the locations (A=Altered, P=Preserved, R= Restored).
Measurement Scale
nominal
nonNumericDomain
textDomain
- Definition
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Any Text
Attribute
- Name
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eventDate
- Label
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Event Date
- Definition
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The date-time or interval during which a dwc:Event occurred.
Measurement Scale
Date time
- Format String
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YYYY-MM-DD
Attribute
- Name
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decimalLatitude
- Label
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Decimal Latitude
- Definition
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The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in dwc:geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a dcterms:Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- standardUnit
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degree
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
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decimalLongitude
- Label
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Decimal Longitude
- Definition
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The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in dwc:geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a dcterms:Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- standardUnit
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degree
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
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waterDepth
- Label
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water depth
- Definition
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Water depth of the geographical point where the sediment core was sampled.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- standardUnit
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centimeter
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
CO2FLux
- Label
-
CO2 Flux
- Definition
-
Areal CO2 flux. Calculated as the change of CO2 concentration in the core headspace divided by sediment surface area and duration of core incubaton.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- Custom Unit
-
mmol of CO2 per square meter per day
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
CO2FluxSE
- Label
-
CO2 Flux SE
- Definition
-
Standard Error associated to the CO2 flux.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- Custom Unit
-
mmol of CO2 per square meter per day
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
CO2FluxPvalue
- Label
-
CO2 Flux p-value
- Definition
-
P-value testing whether the CO2 flux is significantly different than zero.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- standardUnit
-
dimensionless
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
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CH4FLux
- Label
-
CH4 Flux
- Definition
-
Areal CH4 flux. Calculated as the change of CH4 concentration in the core headspace divided by sediment surface area and duration of core incubaton.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- Custom Unit
-
micromol of CH4 per square meter per day
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
CH4FluxSE
- Label
-
CH4 Flux SE
- Definition
-
Standard Error associated to the CH4 flux.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- Custom Unit
-
micromol of CH4 per square meter per day
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
CH4FluxPvalue
- Label
-
CH4 Flux p-value
- Definition
-
P-value testing whether the CH4 flux is significantly different than zero.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- standardUnit
-
dimensionless
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
N2OFLux
- Label
-
N2O Flux
- Definition
-
Areal N2O flux. Calculated as the change of N2O concentration in the core headspace divided by sediment surface area and duration of core incubaton.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- Custom Unit
-
micromol of N2O per square meter per day
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
N2OFluxSE
- Label
-
N2O Flux SE
- Definition
-
Standard Error associated to the N2O flux.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- Custom Unit
-
micromol of N2O per square meter per day
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
N2OFluxPvalue
- Label
-
N2O Flux p-value
- Definition
-
P-value testing whether the N2O flux is significantly different than zero.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- standardUnit
-
dimensionless
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
CH4Stock
- Label
-
CH4 Stock
- Definition
-
Areal CH4 stock of sediment. Calculated via the change of CH4 concentration in the core headspace before and after sediment homogenization divided by sediment surface area. Assumes that (i) all methane was mobilized from the sediment and that (ii) core sediment depth captured the full horizon of methanogenesis.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- Custom Unit
-
mmol of CH4 per squared meter
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
CH4StockSE
- Label
-
CH4 Stock SE
- Definition
-
Standard Error associated to the CH4 stock.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- Custom Unit
-
mmol of CH4 per squared meter
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
Attribute
- Name
-
CH4StockPvalue
- Label
-
CH4 Stock p-value
- Definition
-
P-value testing whether the CH4 stock is significantly different than zero.
Measurement Scale
Ratio
Unit
- standardUnit
-
dimensionless
Numeric domain
- Number type
-
real
- numberOfRecords
-
841
