This workflow aims to streamline the integration of phytosociological inventory data stored in Excel format into a MongoDB database. This process is essential for the project's Virtual Research Environment (VRE), facilitating comprehensive data analysis. Key components include converting Excel files to JSON format, checking for duplicate inventories to ensure data integrity, and uploading the JSON files to the database. This workflow promotes a reliable, robust dataset for further exploration and utilization within the VRE, enhancing the project's inventory database. Background Efficient data management in phytosociological inventories requires seamless integration of inventory data. This workflow facilitates the importation of phytosociological inventories in Excel format into the MongoDB database, connected to the project's Virtual Research Environment (VRE). The workflow comprises two components: converting Excel to JSON and checking for inventory duplicates, ultimately enhancing the inventory database. Introduction Phytosociological inventories demand efficient data handling, especially concerning the integration of inventory data. This workflow focuses on the pivotal task of importing phytosociological inventories, stored in Excel format, into the MongoDB database. This process is integral to the VRE of the project, laying the groundwork for comprehensive data analysis. The workflow's primary goal is to ensure a smooth and duplicate-free integration, promoting a reliable dataset for further exploration and utilization within the project's VRE. Aims The primary aim of this workflow is to streamline the integration of phytosociological inventory data into the MongoDB database, ensuring a robust and duplicate-free dataset for further analysis within the project's VRE. To achieve this, the workflow includes the following key components: 1. Excel to JSON Conversion: Converts phytosociological inventories stored in Excel format to JSON, preparing the data for MongoDB compatibility. 2. Duplicate Check and Database Upload: Checks for duplicate inventories in the MongoDB database and uploads the JSON file, incrementing the inventory count in the database. Scientific Questions - Data Format Compatibility: How effectively does the workflow convert Excel-based phytosociological inventories to the JSON format for MongoDB integration? - Database Integrity Check: How successful is the duplicate check component in ensuring data integrity by identifying and handling duplicate inventories? - Inventory Count Increment: How does the workflow contribute to the increment of the inventory count in the MongoDB database, and how is this reflected in the overall project dataset?

This workflow focuses on enhancing spatial interpolation of meteorological variables by incorporating altitude. The process involves importing geolocated meteorological data from shapefiles, downloading a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for elevation data, and utilizing 3D Kriging for interpolation. This method improves the accuracy of meteorological data interpolation across various elevations, providing comprehensive spatial coverage. Key components include precise data import, effective DEM integration, and accurate 3D Kriging, addressing scientific questions about data import precision, DEM integration, Kriging accuracy, and spatial coverage enhancement. Background Interpolating geolocated meteorological variables is crucial for obtaining comprehensive insights into environmental conditions. This workflow, comprising three components, focuses on importing shapefile data containing geolocated meteorological variables. The primary objective is to perform a 3D interpolation, considering altitude as a significant factor. To achieve this, the workflow downloads a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to incorporate elevation information and utilizes 3D Kriging for interpolation. Introduction Interpolating meteorological variables in geospatial datasets is essential for understanding environmental conditions. This workflow aims to enhance the accuracy of such interpolations by importing shapefile data, obtaining elevation data from a DEM, and performing a 3D interpolation using Kriging. The resulting dataset provides interpolated meteorological values for locations not covered by the original sampling. Aims The primary aim of this workflow is to achieve accurate 3D interpolation of meteorological variables, considering altitude, to enhance spatial coverage. The workflow includes the following key components: ∙Shapefile Data Import: Imports geolocated meteorological variables from a shapefile, preparing the data for 3D interpolation. ∙Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Download: Downloads a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to obtain elevation information for the interpolation process. ∙3D Kriging Interpolation: Utilizes 3D Kriging to interpolate meteorological variables, incorporating altitude information for enhanced accuracy. Scientific questions ∙Data Import Precision: How precise is the workflow in importing geolocated meteorological variables from the shapefile data? ∙DEM Download and Integration: How effectively does the workflow download the DEM and integrate elevation information into the interpolation process? ∙3D Kriging Accuracy: How accurate is the 3D Kriging interpolation in providing reliable meteorological values, considering altitude as a key factor? ∙Enhancement of Spatial Coverage: To what extent does the 3D interpolation process enhance spatial coverage, providing interpolated values for locations not originally sampled?

This workflow streamlines the export, preprocessing, and analysis of phytosociological inventories from a project database. The workflow's goals include exporting and preprocessing inventories, conducting statistical analyses, and using interactive graphs to visualize species dominance, altitudinal distribution, average coverage, similarity clusters, and species interactions. It also calculates and visualizes the fidelity index for species co-occurrence. This workflow addresses key scientific questions about dominant species, distribution patterns, species coverage, inventory similarity, species interactions, and co-occurrence probabilities, aiding efficient vegetation management in environmental projects. Background Efficient vegetation management in environmental projects necessitates a detailed analysis of phytosociological inventories. This workflow streamlines the export and preprocessing of vegetation inventories from the project database. Subsequently, it conducts various statistical analyses and graphical representations, offering a comprehensive view of plant composition and interactions. Introduction In the realm of vegetation research, the availability of phytosociological data is paramount. This workflow empowers users to specify parameters for exporting vegetation inventories, performs preprocessing, and conducts diverse statistical analyses. The resulting insights are visually represented through interactive graphs, highlighting predominant species, altitudinal ranges of plant communities, average species coverage, similarity clusters, and interactive species interactions. Aims The primary objectives of this workflow are tailored to address specific challenges and goals inherent in the analysis of phytosociological inventories: 1. Export and Preprocess Inventories: Enable the export and preprocessing of phytosociological inventories stored in the project database. 2. Statistical Analyses of Species and Plant Communities: Conduct detailed statistical analyses on the species and plant communities present in the inventories. 3. Interactive Graphical Representation: Utilize interactive graphs to represent predominant species, altitudinal ranges of plant communities, and average species coverage. 4. Similarity Dendrogram: Generate a dendrogram grouping similar phytosociological inventories based on the similarity of their species content. 5. Interactive Species Interaction Analysis: Visualize species interactions through interactive graphs, facilitating the identification of species that tend to coexist. 6. Calculation and Visualization of Fidelity Index: Calculate the fidelity index between species and visually represent the probability of two or more species co-occurring in the same inventory. Scientific Questions This workflow addresses critical scientific questions related to the analysis of phytosociological inventories: - Dominant Species Identification: Which species emerge as predominant in the phytosociological inventories, and what is their frequency of occurrence? - Altitudinal Distribution Patterns: How are plant communities distributed across altitudinal ranges, and are there discernible patterns? - Average Species Coverage Assessment: What is the average coverage of plant species, and how does it vary across different inventories? - Similarity in Inventory Content: How are phytosociological inventories grouped based on the similarity of their species content? - Species Interaction Dynamics: Which species exhibit notable interactive dynamics, and how can these interactions be visualized? - Fidelity Between Species: What is the likelihood that two or more species co-occur in the same inventory, and how does this fidelity vary across species pairs?

The workflow "Pollen Trends Analysis with AeRobiology" leverages the AeRobiology library to manage and analyze time-series data of airborne pollen particles. Aimed at understanding the temporal dynamics of different pollen types, this workflow ensures data quality, profiles seasonal trends, and explores temporal variations. It integrates advanced features for analyzing pollen concentrations and their correlation with meteorological variables, offering comprehensive insights into pollen behavior over time. The workflow enhances data accessibility, facilitating broader research and public health applications. Background In the dynamic landscape of environmental research and public health, the AeRobiology library (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/AeRobiology/index.html) emerges as a potent instrument tailored for managing diverse airborne particle data. As the prevalence of airborne pollen-related challenges intensifies, understanding the nuanced temporal trends in different pollen types becomes imperative. AeRobiology not only addresses data quality concerns but also offers specialized tools for unraveling intricate insights into the temporal dynamics of various pollen types. Introduction Amidst the complexities of environmental research, particularly in the context of health studies, the meticulous analysis of airborne particles—specifically various pollen types—takes center stage. This workflow, harnessing the capabilities of AeRobiology, adopts a holistic approach to process and analyze time-series data. Focused on deciphering the temporal nuances of pollen seasons, this workflow aims to significantly contribute to our understanding of the temporal dynamics of different airborne particle types. Aims The primary objectives of this workflow are tailored to address specific challenges and goals inherent in the analysis of time series pollen samples: - Holistic Data Quality Assurance: Conduct a detailed examination of time-series data for various pollen types, ensuring completeness and accuracy to establish a robust foundation for subsequent analysis. - Pollen-Specific Seasonal Profiling: Leverage AeRobiology's advanced features to calculate and visually represent key parameters of the seasonal trends for different pollen types, offering a comprehensive profile of their temporal dynamics. - Temporal Dynamics Exploration: Investigate the temporal trends in concentrations of various pollen types, providing valuable insights into their evolving nature over time. - Enhanced Accessibility: Employ AeRobiology's interactive tools to democratize the exploration of time-series data, making complex information accessible to a broader audience of researchers and professionals. Scientific Questions This workflow addresses critical scientific questions related to pollen analysis: - Distinct Temporal Signatures: What are the discernible patterns and trends in the temporal dynamics of different airborne pollen types, especially during peak seasons? - Pollen-Specific Abundance Variability: How does the abundance of various pollen types vary throughout their respective seasons, and what environmental factors contribute to these fluctuations? - Meteorological Correlations: Are there statistically significant correlations between the concentrations of different pollen types and specific meteorological variables, elucidating the influencing factors unique to each type? - Cross-Annual Comparative Analysis: Through the lens of AeRobiology, how do the temporal trends of different pollen types compare across different years, and what contextual factors might explain observed variations?

This workflow aims to streamline the integration of phytosociological inventory data stored in multiple XML files within a ZIP archive into a MongoDB database. This process is crucial for effective data management within the project's Virtual Research Environment (VRE). The workflow involves extracting XML files from the ZIP archive, converting them to JSON format for MongoDB compatibility, checking for duplicates to ensure data integrity, and uploading the data to increment the inventory count. This enhances the robustness and reliability of the inventory dataset for comprehensive analysis. Background Efficient data management is crucial in phytosociological inventories, necessitating seamless integration of inventory data. This workflow addresses a key aspect by facilitating the importation of phytosociological inventories stored in multiple XML files within a ZIP archive into the MongoDB database. This integration is vital for the project's Virtual Research Environment (VRE), providing a foundation for robust data analysis. The workflow comprises two essential components: converting XML to JSON and checking for inventory duplicates, ultimately enhancing the integrity and expansiveness of the inventory database. Introduction In phytosociological inventories, effective data handling is paramount, particularly concerning the integration of inventory data. This workflow focuses on the pivotal task of importing phytosociological inventories, stored in multiple XML files within a ZIP archive, into the MongoDB database. This process is integral to the VRE of the project, laying the groundwork for comprehensive data analysis. The workflow's primary goal is to ensure a smooth and duplicate-free integration, promoting a reliable dataset for further exploration and utilization within the project's VRE. Aims The primary aim of this workflow is to streamline the integration of phytosociological inventory data, stored in multiple XML files within a ZIP archive, into the MongoDB database. This ensures a robust and duplicate-free dataset for further analysis within the project's VRE. To achieve this, the workflow includes the following key components: - ZIP Extraction and XML to JSON Conversion: Extracts XML files from the ZIP archive and converts each phytosociological inventory stored in XML format to JSON, preparing the data for MongoDB compatibility. - Duplicate Check and Database Upload: Checks for duplicate inventories in the MongoDB database and uploads the JSON files, incrementing the inventory count in the database. Scientific Questions - ZIP Archive Handling: How effectively does the workflow handle ZIP archives containing multiple XML files with distinct phytosociological inventories? - Data Format Compatibility: How successful is the conversion of XML-based phytosociological inventories to the JSON format for MongoDB integration? - Database Integrity Check: How effective is the duplicate check component in ensuring data integrity by identifying and handling duplicate inventories? - Inventory Count Increment: How does the workflow contribute to the increment of the inventory count in the MongoDB database, and how is this reflected in the overall project dataset?

This workflow aims to streamline the integration of phytosociological inventory data from Word documents (.docx) into a MongoDB database. This process is essential for the project's Virtual Research Environment (VRE), facilitating robust data analysis. Key components include converting Word documents to JSON format, checking for duplicate inventories to ensure data integrity, and uploading the JSON files to the database. This workflow ensures a reliable, comprehensive dataset for further exploration and utilization within the VRE, enhancing the project's inventory database. Background Efficient data management is crucial in phytosociological inventories, necessitating seamless integration of inventory data. This workflow addresses a key aspect by facilitating the importation of phytosociological inventories stored in Word documents (.docx) into the MongoDB database. This integration is vital for the project's Virtual Research Environment (VRE), providing a foundation for robust data analysis. The workflow comprises two essential components: converting Word to JSON and checking for inventory duplicates, ultimately enhancing the integrity and expansiveness of the inventory database. Introduction In phytosociological inventories, effective data handling is paramount, particularly concerning the integration of inventory data. This workflow focuses on the pivotal task of importing phytosociological inventories, stored in Word documents (.docx), into the MongoDB database. This process is integral to the VRE of the project, laying the groundwork for comprehensive data analysis. The workflow's primary goal is to ensure a smooth and duplicate-free integration, promoting a reliable dataset for further exploration and utilization within the project's VRE. Aims The primary aim of this workflow is to streamline the integration of phytosociological inventory data, stored in Word documents (.docx), into the MongoDB database. This ensures a robust and duplicate-free dataset for further analysis within the project's VRE. To achieve this, the workflow includes the following key components: - Word to JSON Conversion: Converts phytosociological inventories stored in Word documents (.docx) to JSON, preparing the data for MongoDB compatibility. - Duplicate Check and Database Upload: Checks for duplicate inventories in the MongoDB database and uploads the JSON files, incrementing the inventory count in the database. Scientific Questions - Word Document Parsing: How effectively does the workflow parse and extract phytosociological inventories from Word documents (.docx)? - Data Format Compatibility: How successful is the conversion of Word-based phytosociological inventories to the JSON format for MongoDB integration? - Database Integrity Check: How effective is the duplicate check component in ensuring data integrity by identifying and handling duplicate inventories? - Inventory Count Increment: How does the workflow contribute to the increment of the inventory count in the MongoDB database, and how is this reflected in the overall project dataset?

This workflow aims to automate the counting of pollen grains in microscopy images. It involves two main components: extracting purple-colored pollen grains from large microscopy images and using artificial intelligence to count the grains. The processed data is then stored in CSV and JSON formats. This workflow enhances the efficiency and accuracy of pollen grain counting, providing valuable data for aerobiological studies. Key questions addressed include the precision of color extraction, the accuracy of AI-based counting, and the efficiency of data storage. Background Microscopy images of pollen samples collected from pollen traps provide valuable insights into airborne pollen concentration. This workflow, consisting of two components, focuses on processing large microscopy images. The images, featuring purple-colored pollen grains, undergo an initial phase of color extraction. The second component employs artificial intelligence techniques to count and record the total number of pollen grains present in the sample. The workflow then stores this information in both CSV and JSON formats. Introduction Microscopy analysis of pollen samples is a fundamental aspect of aerobiological studies. This workflow addresses the processing of large microscopy images derived from pollen traps. The images contain pollen grains colored in purple, and the workflow employs artificial intelligence techniques for precise pollen grain counting. The final output includes comprehensive CSV and JSON files, providing a detailed record of the total pollen count in the sample. Aims The primary aim of this workflow is to automate the pollen grain counting process in microscopy images, enhancing efficiency and accuracy. The workflow includes the following key components: - Color Extraction and Image Preprocessing: Extracts purple-colored pollen grains from microscopy images, preparing the data for subsequent counting. - Pollen Grain Counting and Data Storage: Utilizes artificial intelligence techniques to count the total number of pollen grains in the sample and stores this information in both CSV and JSON formats. Scientific Questions - Color Extraction Precision: How precise is the color extraction component in isolating purple-colored pollen grains from the microscopy images? - Pollen Grain Counting Accuracy: How accurate is the artificial intelligence-based pollen grain counting component in determining the total pollen count in the sample? - CSV and JSON Storage Efficiency: How efficiently does the workflow store pollen count information in both CSV and JSON formats, ensuring accessibility and data integrity? - Workflow Automation Impact: To what extent does the workflow automation enhance the efficiency and reliability of pollen grain counting compared to manual methods?

This workflow aims to enhance water resource management by combining temporal precipitation and temperature data from various sources. It performs essential hydroclimatic calculations, including potential evapotranspiration (ETP), useful rainfall (LLU), runoff (ESC), and infiltration (INF). Using data integration and interactive HTML graph generation, the workflow provides dynamic visual representations of precipitation trends, ETP dynamics, and correlations between temperature and precipitation. This comprehensive approach facilitates a deeper understanding of hydroclimatic patterns and supports effective water management decisions. Background Water resource management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of hydroclimatic patterns. This series of workflows addresses the amalgamation of temporal precipitation and temperature data from distinct sources to facilitate an integrated analysis. By unifying these datasets, the workflows perform initial processing and calculations, including the determination of potential evapotranspiration (ETP), useful rainfall (LLU), runoff (ESC), and infiltration (INF). The subsequent components generate interactive HTML graphs, providing valuable insights into hydroclimatic dynamics. Introduction Effective water resource management hinges on the ability to synthesize disparate datasets into a cohesive analysis. This series of workflows not only consolidates temporal precipitation and temperature data from various locations but also performs essential calculations to derive key hydroclimatic parameters. The resulting interactive graphs offer a dynamic visual representation of the cumulative deviation from the mean precipitation, temporal trends in precipitation (including ESC, INF, LLU, and total precipitation), ETP, daily and cumulative precipitation, temperature (maximum and minimum), and monthly precipitation. Aims The primary objectives of this workflow are tailored to address specific challenges and goals inherent in the analysis of ETP: ∙Data Integration: Unify temporal precipitation and temperature data from various sources into a coherent dataset for subsequent analysis. ∙Hydroclimatic Calculations: Calculate potential evapotranspiration (ETP), useful rainfall (LLU), runoff (ESC), and infiltration (INF) based on the integrated dataset. Note: ETP is calculated using formulas from different authors, including Hargreaves, Hamon, Jensen–Haise, Makkink, Taylor, Hydro Quebec, Oudin, and Papadakis. ∙Interactive Graph Generation: Utilize HTML to create interactive graphs representing cumulative deviation from the mean precipitation, temporal trends in precipitation (including ESC, INF, LLU, and total precipitation), ETP, daily and cumulative precipitation, temperature (maximum and minimum), and monthly precipitation. Scientific questions This workflow addresses critical scientific questions related to ETP analysis: ∙Temporal Precipitation Trends: Are there discernible patterns in the temporal trends of precipitation, and how do they relate to runoff, infiltration, and useful rainfall? ∙Potential Evapotranspiration (ETP) Dynamics: How does ETP vary over time using different authors' methods, and what are the implications for potential water loss? ∙Relationship Between Precipitation and Temperature: Are there significant correlations between variations in temperature (maximum and minimum) and the quantity and type of precipitation? ∙Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation: How is precipitation distributed across months, and are there seasonal patterns that may influence water management?

This workflow aims to compare plant species across different natural spaces. The workflow involves downloading and filtering phytosociological inventories, preprocessing data, and unifying it for comparative analysis. The main outputs are a Venn diagram displaying shared and unique species, and a CSV table detailing common and uncommon species. The workflow addresses filter application effectiveness, Venn diagram clarity, species table accuracy, and overall efficiency in processing and visualization, supporting ecological studies of plant distribution. Background Comparative analysis of phytosociological inventories across different natural spaces is essential for understanding plant distribution. This workflow focuses on downloading inventories stored in the database, applying distinct filters for each natural space, and conducting a comparative analysis of shared and unique plant species. The primary output includes a Venn diagram representing species intersections and a CSV table detailing common and uncommon plant species across the selected natural spaces. Introduction In ecological studies, understanding the overlap and uniqueness of plant species across different natural spaces is crucial. This workflow employs phytosociological inventories stored in the database, downloading them separately for each natural space using specific filters. The workflow then conducts a comparative analysis, identifying shared and unique plant species. The visualization includes a Venn diagram for easy interpretation and a CSV table highlighting the common and uncommon species across the selected natural spaces. Aims The primary aim of this workflow is to facilitate the comparison of phytosociological inventories from different natural spaces, emphasizing shared and unique plant species. The workflow includes the following key components: - Inventory Download and Preprocessing: Downloads phytosociological inventories from the database, applies specific filters for each natural space, and preprocesses the data to retain only the species present in each zone. - Data Unification: Unifies the processed data into a single dataset, facilitating comparative analysis. - Venn Diagram Representation: Generates a Venn diagram to visually represent the overlap and uniqueness of plant species across the selected natural spaces. - Species Table Generation: Creates a CSV table showcasing common and uncommon plant species in the selected natural spaces. Scientific Questions - Filter Application Effectiveness: How effectively does the workflow apply distinct filters to download inventories for each natural space? - Venn Diagram Interpretation: How intuitive and informative is the Venn diagram representation of shared and unique plant species across the selected natural spaces? - Species Table Accuracy: How accurate is the CSV table in presenting common and uncommon plant species in the comparative analysis? - Workflow Efficiency: How efficiently does the workflow streamline the entire process, from data download to visualization, for comparative phytosociological analysis?

This workflow aims to analyze diverse soil datasets using PCA to understand physicochemical properties. The process starts with converting SPSS (.sav) files into CSV format for better compatibility. It emphasizes variable selection, data quality improvement, standardization, and conducting PCA for data variance and pattern analysis. The workflow includes generating graphical representations like covariance and correlation matrices, scree plots, and scatter plots. These tools aid in identifying significant variables, exploring data structure, and determining optimal components for effective soil analysis. Background Understanding the intricate relationships and patterns within soil samples is crucial for various environmental and agricultural applications. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) serves as a powerful tool in unraveling the complexity of multivariate soil datasets. Soil datasets often consist of numerous variables representing diverse physicochemical properties, making PCA an invaluable method for: ∙Dimensionality Reduction: Simplifying the analysis without compromising data integrity by reducing the dimensionality of large soil datasets. ∙Identification of Dominant Patterns: Revealing dominant patterns or trends within the data, providing insights into key factors contributing to overall variability. ∙Exploration of Variable Interactions: Enabling the exploration of complex interactions between different soil attributes, enhancing understanding of their relationships. ∙Interpretability of Data Variance: Clarifying how much variance is explained by each principal component, aiding in discerning the significance of different components and variables. ∙Visualization of Data Structure: Facilitating intuitive comprehension of data structure through plots such as scatter plots of principal components, helping identify clusters, trends, and outliers. ∙Decision Support for Subsequent Analyses: Providing a foundation for subsequent analyses by guiding decision-making, whether in identifying influential variables, understanding data patterns, or selecting components for further modeling. Introduction The motivation behind this workflow is rooted in the imperative need to conduct a thorough analysis of a diverse soil dataset, characterized by an array of physicochemical variables. Comprising multiple rows, each representing distinct soil samples, the dataset encompasses variables such as percentage of coarse sands, percentage of organic matter, hydrophobicity, and others. The intricacies of this dataset demand a strategic approach to preprocessing, analysis, and visualization. This workflow centers around the exploration of soil sample variability through PCA, utilizing data formatted in SPSS (.sav) files. These files, specific to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), are commonly used for data analysis. To lay the groundwork, the workflow begins with the transformation of an initial SPSS file into a CSV format, ensuring improved compatibility and ease of use throughout subsequent analyses. Incorporating PCA offers a sophisticated approach, enabling users to explore inherent patterns and structures within the data. The adaptability of PCA allows users to customize the analysis by specifying the number of components or desired variance. The workflow concludes with practical graphical representations, including covariance and correlation matrices, a scree plot, and a scatter plot, offering users valuable visual insights into the complexities of the soil dataset. Aims The primary objectives of this workflow are tailored to address specific challenges and goals inherent in the analysis of diverse soil samples: ∙Data transformation: Efficiently convert the initial SPSS file into a CSV format to enhance compatibility and ease of use. ∙Standardization and target specification: Standardize the dataset and designate the target variable, ensuring consistency and preparing the data for subsequent PCA. ∙PCA: Conduct PCA to explore patterns and variability within the soil dataset, facilitating a deeper understanding of the relationships between variables. ∙Graphical representations: Generate graphical outputs, such as covariance and correlation matrices, aiding users in visually interpreting the complexities of the soil dataset. Scientific questions This workflow addresses critical scientific questions related to soil analysis: ∙Variable importance: Identify variables contributing significantly to principal components through the covariance matrix and PCA. ∙Data structure: Explore correlations between variables and gain insights from the correlation matrix. ∙Optimal component number: Determine the optimal number of principal components using the scree plot for effective representation of data variance. ∙Target-related patterns: Analyze how selected principal components correlate with the target variable in the scatter plot, revealing patterns based on target variable values.